JLPT N4 Grammar Notes

可能形

意向形

$$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{普通形}} \\ \text{形容詞}_{\text{い}} \\ \text{形容詞}_{\text{な}}\text{（}\cancel{\text{だ}}\rightarrow \text{な）} \\ \text{N（}\cancel{\text{だ}}\rightarrow \text{な）} \end{array} \right]\text{んです}$$ $$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{て形}} \end{array} \right]\text{いただけませんか}$$ $$\text{疑問詞＋V}_{\text{た形}}\text{らいいですか}$$ $$\text{Nは}\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{好きです・嫌いです} \\ \text{上手です・下手です} \\ \text{あります・います・etc} \end{array} \right]$$

が[みえます・聞こえます] They come into sight / ears independent of one's will

ができます Be completed / finished

しか Only; always used with a negative, suggests insufficiency or inadequacy

Nは…。Nは…。 Contrast between two things

$$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{ます形}} \end{array} \right]\text{ながら}\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{ます形}} \end{array} \right]$$ $$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{て形}} \end{array} \right]\text{います}$$

1. Indicates an action in progress
2. Indicates a habitual behaviour
3. Show the state resulting from the action (自動詞) …が…

$$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{文}_{\text{普通形}} \end{array} \right]\text{し、}\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{文}_{\text{普通形}} \end{array} \right]\text{し、～}$$

それで So

$$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{て形}} \end{array} \right]\text{しまいました・しまいます}$$

Has been completed / will be completed in the future

ありました Found something now. It does not mean it was already there

$$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{て形}} \end{array} \right]\text{あります}$$

他動詞 A situation due to someone's action

$$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{て形}} \end{array} \right]\text{おきます}$$

Necessary action / preparation

$$\text{まだ}\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{文}_{\text{肯定}} \end{array} \right]$$

とか Gives examples without listing everything

$$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{辞書形}} \\ \text{V}_{\text{ない形}}\text{ない} \end{array} \right]\text{つもりです}$$ $$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{辞書形}} \\ \text{Nの} \end{array} \right]\text{予定です}$$ $$\text{まだ}\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{て形}} \end{array} \right]\text{いません}$$ $$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{た形}} \\ \text{V}_{\text{ない形}}\text{ない} \end{array} \right]\text{ほうがいいです}$$ $$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{普通形}} \\ \text{形容詞}_{\text{い}} \\ \text{形容詞}_{\text{な}}\text{（}\cancel{\text{だ}}\text{）} \\ \text{N（}\cancel{\text{だ}}\text{）} \end{array} \right]\text{でしょう}$$ $$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{普通形}} \\ \text{形容詞}_{\text{い}} \\ \text{形容詞}_{\text{な}}\text{（}\cancel{\text{だ}}\text{）} \\ \text{N（}\cancel{\text{だ}}\text{）} \end{array} \right]\text{かもしれません}$$ $$\left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{V}_{\text{ます形}} \end{array} \right]\text{ましょう}$$

L33